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Lots of other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs growth. You can assist by including to it. In order to help with the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or highly regarded people. Perth Scientology. Though it has attained some trustworthiness as a religious beliefs in many nations, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and an industrial enterprise.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, click here to read declaring Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as determined in a web survey run by the governmental shift group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense committed by these offenders is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and a knockout post spying. No person or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive methods in dealing with those it views as attempting to reduce them, understood as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable video game. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.